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 INTRODUCTION:You normally heard by someone that, “I feel sick today” or “I am not feeling well today”. The reason behind this is that when you get sick, your body is not working at its full potential to protect you from harmful agents. For the prevention of different diseases, nature has provided an amazing system inside the body called immune system. It protects against so many harmful agents and particles that are harmful for the human body. Diseases results when this system is not working properly and they include allergies, bacterial infection, viral infection, colds, sinusitis, tonsillitis, influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia, emphysema, asthma, AIDS, Grave’s disease, multiple sclerosis and so on.The factors that are responsible to weaken the immune system include high intake of processed food, exposure to toxic substances, lack of exercise and rest, smoking, pollution and high intake of sugar can also make it difficult for the immune system to fight against harmful organisms. (1) WHAT IS IMMUNITY?Immunity is simply the capacity to withstand. It is a state of resistance to all those organisms and agents that cause problems in normal functioning of the body. These harmful organisms and agents are called pathogen that include bacteria, viruses, parasites as well as any foreign particle that can initiate any reaction in the body.COMPONENTS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM:The two main components of immune response are antigen and antibody. Antigen is the part of pathogen (harmful organism) that cause reaction in the body and generate immune response, and antibody is a type of protein that is formed in response to antigen. Immune response basically involves different types of W.B.Cs that are the important component of blood. Each type of cell performs specific function in the immune response and play vital role in providing resistance. (2)TYPES OF IMMUNITY1. INNATE IMMUNITY:It is a type of immune response that initiate because of the person’s natural functioning of body. It does not occur because of the vaccination. All those barriers that prevent the entry of pathogens and also prevent them from producing their harmful effects are the part of immune system. (3)Phagocytes are a special type of cell that engulfs and ingests and then destroy the pathogen through the process of Phagocytosis. Once any pathogen enters inside the body phagocytes, it attacks them and destroys them either directly or they require any other factor that will facilitate the process of phagocytosis. This type of response provides immediate immunity. (4) 2. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY:Each lymphocyte, a special type of leukocyte (WBC or White Blood Cells) that is involved in adaptive immune response, carries a specific surface receptor that can specifically recognize a particular antigen. Leukocytes are the special type of WBCs that protect body against infectious disease and foreign material. B cells and T cells are the major types of lymphocytes and are derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, hematopoietic stem cell is a sort of cell wall on which all red and white blood cells progress. B cells are involved in the humoral immune response, whereas T cells are involved in cell-mediated immune response. (5)Adaptive immune system can be classified into two parts. 1. Humoral immunity 2. Cell-mediated immunity Humoral immunity Humoral type of immunity involves the production of antibodies by the B cells, while in cell-mediated immunity antibodies are produced because of the virus infected cells. (6) Cell-mediated immunity In cell mediated immunity, protein associated with the foreign particle that can produce disease are broken down into small pieces, then the protein part of this foreign particle is attached to the antigen. After that, they are transported to the surface of the cell where they are presented to the major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). The significance of the MHC molecules is that they are very much important for the presentation of antigen to the T cells and without this presentation other aspects of immunity cannot occur. (7) Reference: 1. http://health.howstuffworks.com/immune-system2.htm 2. http://www.answers.com/topic/immunity?cat=biz-fin 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocyte 4. http://www.answers.com/topic/immunity?cat=biz-fin 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system#Adaptive_immunity 6. http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Adaptive_Immunity 7. http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/pps97/assignments/projects/coadwell/MHCSTFU1.HTM |
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